The writer thinks the houses in European countries that most of the foreigners came from are graceful and charming.
His description of the immigrants is not fair.He overstated that these immigrants,coming from Westmoreland Valley,are eager to show ugliness.This statement is obviously beyond the fact.
3.Mencken doesn't believe that mere ignorance was the reason for such ugliness. He believes on certain levels of the American race,there seems to be a great passion for the ugly.Ugliness seems to give some sort of satisfaction to this type of mind.Mencken,however,doesn't understand why they have such tastes.
4.He thinks dogmatic theology and Guest's poetry are obscure and unintelligible,just like the ghastly designs of the wallpaper.
5.Strictly speaking,no.Most of them were most probably U.S.citizens of European origin,with perhaps a few recent immigrants from Europe.
6.He suggested in the last paragraph that a great deal More study of the etiology of this madness be needed and we should find out the root and the causes behind the love for ugliness
No.He is only implying in a sarcastic tone,that he doesn't understand why so many Americans seem to love ugliness for its own sake.He doesn't understand the psychology of these people who lust to make the world intolerable.He thinks these people have a diseased mind.
7.No,I don't agree.He makes sharp contrast between the architectures in American village and the habitations where foreigners come from,and he applied figures of speech like ridicule,sarcasm,irony etc.to laugh at architects' design in America.But those statement and comments are somewhat subjective and overstated.I think the ugliness of this region may due to the lack of long-ter corporate planning and the layout,but the individual architect may be not that ugly itself.
B.
1.Mencken deliberately uses the word"libido",a special term in psychoanalysis,in his title to create the impression that his description and analysis has some scientific foundation.
2.Paragraph 1 mainly displays how the author is shocked by the ugliness of Westmoreland.Paragraph 1 is developed by contrasting the great wealth of this region to the abominable human habitations seen everywhere.The last two sentences bring home to readers that ugliness is not due to poverty,but to something innate in the American character—a love of ugliness for its own sake,or,as the title says,the libido for the ugly.
3.For example,Mencken exaggerates that every house in sight is revoltingly monstrous,which is strongly subjective,emotional and a little bit overstated.
4.Mencken refers to other towns and villages in America,to the villages of Europe and to the Parthenon in order to emphasize the ugliness of Westmoreland County.He means to say Westmoreland is the ugliest spot on earth and the United States as a whole is uglier than Europe.
5.The satirical power of the author's attack in this essay is not only a result of his choice of words,of his diction,but also his masterly employment of the various rhetoric means such as metaphors,similes,hyperboles and so on.
1)Examples can be found in many places,including“And one and all they are streaked in grime,with dead and eczematous patches of paint peeping through the streaks",where metaphor is used to compare the patches of paint to dried-up scales formed by a skin disease.
2)Another example can be found in Para.2,"the headquarters of the Veterans of Foreign Wars at another forlorn town,a steel stadium like a huge rat-trap somewhere further down the line”,where simile and ridicule are used to depict the ugly image of the building.
Examples may be also referred to the part of "literary style and rhetoric devices".
6.So far as the point which the author wanted to make is concerned,all the metaphors,similes and hyperboles are used appropriately and effectively.
7.For example,sarcasm is used in the sentence “Obviously,if there were architects,of any professional sense or dignity in the region,More examples may be referred to the part of “"literary style and rhetoric devices"
they would have perfected a chalet to hug the hillsides."(Para.3)
8.Mencken uses a lot of figures of speech like hyperboles,sarcasm ridicule did irony to exaggerate and taunt the jeer in the essay.
Combined with rhetoric means such as metaphors,similes,the satirical power of the author's attack in this essay is well achieved.
Ⅲ.
1.This dreadful scene makes all human endeavors to advance and improve their lot appear as a ghastly,saddening joke.
2.The country itself is pleasant to look at,despite|the sooty dirt spread by the innumerable mills in this region.
3.The model they followed in building their houses was a brick standing upright./All the houses they built looked like bricks standing upright.
4.These brick-like houses were made of shabby,thin wooden boards and their roofs were narrow and had little slope.
5.When the brick is covered with the black soot of the mills it takes on the color of a rotten egg.
6.Red brick,even in a steel town,looks quite respectable with the passing of time./Even in a steel town,old red bricks still appear pleasing to the eye.
7.I have given Westmoreland the highest award for ugliness after having done a lot of hard work and research and after continuous praying.
8.They show such fantastic and bizarre ugliness that,in looking back,they become almost fiendish and wicked./When one looks back at these houses whose ugliness is so fantastic and bizarre,one feels they must be the work of the devil himself.
9.It is hard to believe that people built such horrible houses just because they did not know what beautiful houses were like.
10.People in certain strata of American society seem definitely to hunger after ugly things;while in other less Christian strata,people seem to long for things beautiful.
11.These ugly designs,in some way that people cannot understand,satisfy the hidden and unintelligible demands of this type of mind.
12.The place where this psychological attitude is found is the United States.
IV.
A.
1.express:a fast,direct train,making few stops
2.roll:travel in a wheeled vehicle (here an express train)
3.revolting:disgusting
4.downright:completely
5.yard:a railway center where trains are made up,serviced,switched from track to track,etc.
6.streak:mark with streaks (a line or long,thin mark)
7.sightly:pleasant to the sight
8.pullman:a railroad car with private compartments or seats that can be made up into berths for sleeping.It is so-called after the U.S.inventor,George.M.Pullman(1831~1897).
whirl:to move,go,drive etc.swiftly
9.save:except;but
10.pull:drawing force,appeal
11.yield:surrender,give into
12.positive:complete,absolute,out-and-out
13.put down (to):attribute (to)
14.impossible:not capable of being endured,used,agreed to,etc.,because disagreeable or unsuitable;hard to tolerate
B.
1.profitable
2.dwellings,homes
3.refer to
4.wound,hurt
5.absurd,ridiculous
6.exactly upright,vertical
7.unsafely,insecurely
8.unfriendly,hostile
9.insensitive,without feelings
10.hateful or disgusting things
11.spoil the appearance of,disfigure;carelessness,oversight
12.building
13.causes
C.
1.dirt指的是诸如泥土、灰尘、粪便、垃圾等不清洁和肮脏的东西。
filth表示令人厌恶的垃圾或废物。
soot指由媒、石油、木头等不完全燃烧而形成的一种黑色的、主要由炭粒构成的物质。
grime指黑色脏物或煤灰，尤指附着或深嵌在一个表面上的污垢。
2.love指“深情的爱”,常用于祖国、亲友或异性等方面。
passion指压倒性的强烈情绪，尤指爱、恨、怒，如：have apassion for music酷爱音乐。
lust指强烈的欲望和要求感官满足，尤其是性欲望。
libido是弗洛伊德心理分析学说中的精神动力，通指精神动力的一种基本形式，包含积极的、爱的本能。
D.
hideous,terrible,awful,repulsive,repugnant,ghastly,revolting.appalling desolation iniolerably bleak,forlorn,abominable,filth,dirty,ugliness,revolting monstrousness,horrible,leprous,hideousness,misshapen,/shabby,uncomely,grime,dingy,decaying,swinishly,eczematous patches,shocking,uremic yellow,loathsome,unlovely decomposing gloomy,God-forsaken,malarious,grotesqueries of ugliness,diabolical,frightful,abominations,putrid,horror,deface,ghastly,depravity,etc.
V.
A.
1.The cultural diversity of Shanghai Expo is the richest ever seen on earth.
2.The poverty of that region is beyond imagination.)
3.Don't ask him about his father's death in the car accident;don't even allude to it.
4.On the vast expanses of wildermess there is not a single tree in sight.
5.Despite severe natural catastrophe,people in the stricken areas still believe in love and the future.
6.On the whole your report is well-written,but there is stillplenty of room for improvement.
7.I've made up my mind not to buy a car as I prefer to ride a bike in the city.
8.Many children's love of Internet games borders upon craziness.
B.
1.大部分房屋东倒西歪，摇摇晃晃地架在地基上。
2然而，在世界上其他任何地方，无论是在国内还是国外，我还从未见过任何东西能与那些坐落在从匹兹堡调车场到格林斯堡路段宾夕法尼亚铁路沿线的村庄相比。
3.我们无法想象单凭人的力量如何能造出如此可怕的东西来，更难想象的是居然还有人类栖居其中并在那里生儿育女，繁殖人类。
4.如果说纯粹是因为他们的愚昧无知而造出了这样令人毛骨悚然的杰作，这真是令人难以置信。
5.普通美国中下层家庭家中的贴墙纸通常破坏了整个住宅的美观大方，这决不能归咎于选购者的粗心大意，也不能归咎于墙纸制造商的低俗的幽默感。
6.那些贴墙纸上的丑陋图案显然能让具有某种心理的人获得真正的快乐。
7.在费心设计并建成那个运动场之后，他们又不可思议地在建筑平顶上加盖了一个小棚屋，并刷上极其醒目的黄色油漆，使整幢建筑丑陋得无与伦比。
8.这样就使得整个建筑看起来仿佛是一个胖女人带了一副黑眼圈，又或者是一位长老会牧师突然咧嘴而笑一样，令人难以忍受。但他们就喜欢这样的效果。
9.美国这个大熔炉炼就了一个新的种族，他们像仇视真理一样地仇视美。
10.这种怪癖产生的根源值得进一步研究。
C.
See the translation of the text.
VI.
1.This piece of description is objective and realistic.It intends to describe this particular Middle Eastern bazaar for those who have never visited one.
2.The writer applied spatial order to organize the paragraphs.There is a topic sentence and a central idea supported by relevant details in each paragraph.The bazaar is described in terms of sight,sound,smell and so on.
3.and 4.The description is very vivid and effective,which is achieved by descriptions on what the author sees,hears and smells in the markets at length.Figures of speech are also employed by the author in some places to make the description more interesting.
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